Table 1 Wave speed in human common carotid artery

PU

4.0 (left CCA)

7.8 (right CCA)

Healthy volunteers (n = 8, 8 men, age range 23–31 years)

[61]

Wave component p & u

3.5 (left CCA)

6.7 (right CCA)

Sum of the squares (c∑2)

3.9 (left CCA)

7.0 (right CCA)

PU (Bramwell Hill)

6.17 ± 1.34

Volunteers (n = 22, 13 men, 49 ± 17 years)

[63]

PU loop

7.53 (± 2.85)

Healthy volunteers (n = 37, 17 Men, 47.2 ± 5.4 years) obtained from the Asklepios population study [64]

[32]

QA loop

3.4 ± 1.1

PU1-5 (harmonic-based correction)

4.99 ± 0.87

PU loop (Median)

8.7

Placebo, ASCOT substudy (n = 62, 57 male, 64 ± 7 years)

[65]

8.1

Atorvastatin, ASCOT substudy (n = 78, 70 male, 64 ± 8 years)

PU loop

8.5 ± 3.1

Amlodipine-based regimen, ASCOT substudy (n = 122, 99 men, 64.3 ± 7.1 years)

[66]

9.0 ± 5.4

Atenolol-based regimen, ASCOT substudy (n = 138, 119 men, 63.3 ± 7.6 years)

PU loop

14.2 ± 1.4

Healthy volunteers (n = 29,13 men, 60 ± 9 years)

[59]

14.0 ± 0.9

Compensated systolic heart failure patients on medication (n = 67, 42 men, 66 ± 10 years)

PU loop

7.5 ± 2.4

Hypertensive, treated, volunteers (n = 12, 12 men, 63 ± 9 years)

[67]

PU loop

5.40 (± 0.34*)

Healthy volunteers (n = 21, 14 men, 44 ± 6 years)

[42]

ln(D)P loop [31]

3.9 ± 0.5

Ex pre-term (n = 76, 40 men age 18.2 ± 1.3 years,)

[68]

3.9 ± 0.5

Control (n = 42, age 18.6 ± 0.9, 16 men)

ln(D)P loop

3.49 ± 0.45

Control group (n = 42, 15 male, median age 19 years)

[68]

3.71 ± 0.50

Coarctation Patients (n = 43, 21 male, median age 25 years)

lnDU loop

8.4 ± 1.9

Healthy volunteers (n = 12, 6 men, aged 27 ± 2 years)

Rest Day 1

[69]

10.2 ± 3.4

Exercise 1

7.9 ± 2.6

Rest Day 2

9.3 ± 3.2

Exercise Day 2

lnDU loop

10.6

Healthy volunteer (n = 1)

[70]

lnDU loop

♀ 3.71 (± 1.21)

♂ 4.16 (± 1.58)

Volunteer, subgroup of Asklepios population study [64]s (n = 70, 35 men, age range 35–55 years)

[62]

lnDU loop ± (1/2) (dU_± /dlnD_±)

4.03 ± 1.64

Volunteers, subgroup of Asklepios population study [64] (n = 1774, 840 men, mean age 45.8 ± 6 years)

[24]

lnDU loop ± (1/2) (dU_± /dlnD_±)

4.45 ± 0.73

Volunteers free of major cardiovascular events (n = 47, 59% men, mean age 24 ± 5 years)

[71]

5.58 ± 1.12

Volunteers free of major cardiovascular events (n = 78, 53% men, mean age 51 ± 6 years)

6.49 ± 1.50

Volunteers free of major cardiovascular events (n = 78, 68% men, mean age 67 ± 5 years)

lnDU loop

6.9

Hypertensive patient (n = 1)

[27]

lnDU loop

0.8 ± 0.2

Endurance trained volunteers (n = 8, 8 men, aged 27 ± 4 years)

[58]

DU; Bramwell–Hill equation based on distension curve

8.9 ± 1.8

Type 2 diabetics (n = 191, 148 men, aged 65 ± 7 years)

[72]

7.9 ± 1.5

Non-diabetics (n = 94, 66 men, aged 62 ± 8 years)

(dP/dU)/ρ

3.10 ± 1.3

Healthy volunteers, baseline (n = 55, 12 men, 22 ± 5 years)

[73]

4.00 ± 1.9

After exercise

One‐point carotid PWVβ (m/s)

4.08 ± 0.51

Baseline, healthy volunteers (n = 55, 12 men, 22 ± 5 years)

4.44 ± 1.20

Post high-intensity cycling, healthy volunteers

(dP/dU)/ρ

6.8 ± 1.1

Normotensive volunteers (n = 20, 13 men, 56 ± 4 years)

[74]

7.8 ± 1.0

Hypertensive volunteers (n = 21, 14 men, 58 ± 8 years)

7.5 ± 1.4

Hypertensive volunteers after 3 months of barnidipine therapy

7.5 ± 1.7

Hypertensive volunteers after 6 months of barnidipine therapy

(dP/dU)/ρ

3.5 ± 4.9

Children of African American descend (n = 154, 66% male, 10.3 ± 0.9 years)

[75]

3.3 ± 1.3

Children of white descend (n = 115, 64% male, 10.6 ± 0.9 years)

(dP/dU) × 1/ρ

5.7 (Median)

Healthy men (n = 57 men, 47 ± 13 years)

[45]

6.2 (Median)

Healthy women (n = 49 men, 45 ± 12 years)

dP/(ρ x dU)

4.0 ± 0.6

Healthy volunteers (n = 10, 5 men, 42 ± 13 years)

[76]

3.7 ± 0.3

Control group (60 min)

3.7 ± 0.3

Caffeine group (baseline) (n = 17, 8 men, 42 ± 13 years)

4.5 ± 0.4

Caffeine group (60 min)

(dP/dU) x ρ

4.28 ± 1.0

Healthy volunteers, Baseline (n = 22, 22 male, 21.7 ± 1.4 years)

[77]

5.58 ± 1.68

Cold Pressor Test

(dP/dU) x ρ

3.3 ± 1.4

Healthy volunteers, before exercise (n = 16, 16 men, 26 ± 6 years)

[78]

4.6 ± 1.3

After exercise

PWV = (Ps – Pd)/2 * ln(Ps/Pd)[(Ds – Dd)Dd]

4.03 ± 0.19

Healthy volunteers (n = 191, 50 men)

N = 28 (aged 20–30)

[60]

5.16 ± 0.31

N = 15 (aged 30–40)

6.20 ± 0.17

N = 34 (aged 40–50)

6.36 ± 0.12

N = 73 (aged 50–60)

6.92 ± 1.17

N = 34 (aged 60–70)

PWV

In((Ps/Pd)/(Ds/Dd) – 1) x Pd /2 ρ)^1/2

3.90 ± 0.8

Control (n = 20, 12 male, 13.4 ± 6.0 years)

[79]

3.56 ± 0.10

Fontan (n = 34, 16 male, 11.5 ± 8.6 years)

One‐point carotid PWVβ (m/s)

6.8 ± 1.5

Survivors of patients with congestive heart failure and reduced ejection fraction (n = 39, 69.6 ± 12.7)

[80]

6.6 ± 1.7

Non-survivors of patients with congestive heart failure and reduced ejection fraction (n = 23, 69.1 ± 9.2)

One‐point carotid PWVβ (m/s)

5.35 ± 1.2

Male healthy volunteers (n = 388, 43.0 ± 17.4)

[81]

5.48 ± 1.3

Female healthy volunteers (n = 292, 44.8 ± 17.7 years)

One‐point carotid PWVβ (m/s)

5.42 ± 1.0

Normotensive (n = 145, 91 men, 50 ± 10.1 years)

[82]

6.5 ± 1.6

Hypertensive (n = 145, 96 men, 51.9 ± 12.1 years)

PWVβ (m/s)

where β = ln(Ps/Pd)/[(Ds – Dd)/Dd]

5.3 ± 1.0

Young men, n = 53, 39 ± 9 years

[83]

4.6 ± 1.0

Young/premenopausal women, n = 62, 37 ± 10 years

6.2 ± 1.3

Older men, n = 78, 65 ± 7 years

6.2 ± 1.2

Older/post-menopausal women, n = 70, 65 ± 7 years

PWV = √β x P / 2 ρ

4.2 ± 0.2

Healthy volunteers (n = 18, 18 men, 22 ± 1 years)

[84]

PP/(2xβ)

where PP is local carotid pulse pressure

3.7 ± 0.7

Controls (n = 26, 15 men, 19 ± 2 years)

[85]

4.3 ± 0.4

Type 1 diabetics (n = 16, 11 men, age 18 ± 2 years)

PWVβ = √β × DBP/2 × ρ

6.13 ± 1.68

Control (n = 30, 23 men, 47.0 ± 14.5 years)

[86]

6.99 ± 1.77

Nasopharyngeal carcinoma patients with IMT < 1.0 mm

(n = 37, 28 men, 48.9 ± 17.3 years)

7.84 ± 1.99

Nasopharyngeal carcinoma patients with 1.0 mm ≤ IMT ≤ 1.5 mm (n = 30, 23 men, 47.6 ± 16.0 years)

PWVWI = √WI × DBP/2 × ρ

7.82 ± 2.67

Control (n = 30, 23 men, 47.0 ± 14.5 years)

[86]

8.47 ± 2.51

Nasopharyngeal carcinoma patients with IMT < 1.0 mm

(n = 37, 28 men, 48.9 ± 17.3 years)

10.19 ± 3.89

Nasopharyngeal carcinoma patients with 1.0 mm ≤ IMT ≤ 1.5 mm (n = 30, 23 men, 47.6 ± 16.0 years)

(βP/2ρ)^1/2

7.4 ± 0.2

Healthy volunteers, control, baseline (n = 18, 18 men, range 19–28 years)

[87]

7.4 ± 0.2

seated 10 min

7.3 ± 0.2

seated 20 min

7.1 ± 0.2

seated 30 min

7.1 ± 0.1

Resistance exercise baseline

8.1 ± 0.2

10 min post exercise

7.6 ± 0.1

20 min post exercise

7.3 ± 0.1

30 min post exercise

Carotid wall displacement

8.3 ± 1.6

Type 2 Diabetics (n = 133, 88 men, 57 ± 4 years)

[88]

Phased-tracking method

6.23 ± 0.6

Healthy volunteers (n = 3, 3 men, 28 ± 8 years)

[89]